Starting a color grading small business in a city with little industry presence

Adrien,

Your work is nice. Keep it up ! Start step by step with the office and after having someone for an internship ? Internship is a great way of having someone for 3 months for a minimum cost and if it works out you keep this person. The LG monitor you have is great, no need spending money for the XMP550. Get a normal LG TV for clients. They always like big TVs. Remote jobs is more and more common nowadays. All modern phones macbooks are decent color wise and in any case all what we grade for ends up on the internet. It's important to have our reference monitors calibrated and that's it. Clients will always have their screens their way and it's fine, the important pars is that they like the overall grade. Most important part for you is to get as much connected as possible to the outside world and do beautiful stuff. If. you have a good portfolio you will start having clients from everywhere. French market is very tough as pretty much everything happens in Paris but I am sure you will make it work :)
Good luck,
Florian from Paris.
 
Thank you for all the new replies!

Could another option be to rent another small studio apartment to serve exclusively as the center of business operations? This might work if the monthly rent is cheaper than a business office location and you might be able to get a shorter term lease six months to a year giving you the ability to not enter into a risky longer term business office lease.

I'm looking at a specific type of lease. In France there are "professionnal" leases, which are kind of an in-between real commercial leases and domestic leases. It has a 6 months notice if I want to leave, so not too bad

BTW, if the o.p. hasn't checked it out already, both MixingLight and Cullen Kelly on YouTube have done extended tutorials on the business side of color, particularly the pros and cons of buying equipment, getting an office, doing the accounting, advertising, contracts, justifying expenses, taxes, all that stuff. I think @Darren Mostyn also gets into this in his 2- or 3-times yearly course.

Cullen has been honest enough to say that he once tried to open an office in another city and did not do well because of kind of "putting the cart before the horse," assuming that if you build it, they will come. I know of a handful of very successful colorists in LA who do well largely because they have fantastic sales and people skills, even more than their technical acumen; you can argue that the "soft skills" might ultimately be more important in terms of business.

Thank you for the tips on both Louper.io and the business tutorials! I'll be sure to check those out during the holidays

Adrien, are you sure your clients will want to ride/fly from Paris/Montpellier to your studio on a regular basis? Why wouldn't they prefer closer facilities ? Also, if you work "remotely" from your studio, would your Paris/Montpellier clients accept to pay you more for your studio expenses than if you continue to freelance without a studio?

Looks to me like a studio (not a home office) could be more attractive to clients from Toulouse area. Shouldn't you focus more on them in your business plan?

Je te souhaite la meilleure des chances :)

The tricky part is that there are not as much projects here that can afford colorists as there are in other cities. There would be some demand but not that much. Some of my clients from other cities would be willing to come for sessions but if I'm honest, it wouldn't be frequent and only for bigger projects, at least in the beginning. I would be relying on remote work mostly in the first years.

The hope behind this business is also to provide better resources for the industry here and help productions decentralize a bit.

Paris is a really big hotspot and overall the rest of the country lags behind. It's more because of a lack of resources than because of a lack of local talents. A lot of people I know started their career outside of the capital but moved to Paris to work although they really didn't want to. I have a lot of friends living and working in Paris who wished they could move out without compromising their careers.

That's not the case for every parisian of course but there is a strong sentiment.
I feel/hope I can be a small part of that decentralization by providing better services than what's already available here and a place to work.

Merci !

This is what I worry about the most with your plan. IMO, unless you have a list of several COMMITTED clients who are not working with you because you don't have a couch, client monitor, and a cappuccino machine I would proceed very carefully. I would be interested to hear from others, but the agency people I have dealt with recently have very little time and most are fine doing some sort of remote approval, these are well budgeted regional projects. The days of sitting in a suite all day listening to music and collaborating with the colorist seem to have been lost, at least in my corner of the world. And, to be honest, some of the younger creatives that have been thrown into roles that are over their heads really don't know how to manage a session or really even care.

Again, to be honest, there would not be that many instances for now, where the ability to work in person is a dealbreaker. It's started to happen to me. But it's also hard to measure. My regular clients don't even tell me about their biggest projects, but I know they have to do them in a suite.
I think I would get a fair bit of them if I had a studio, but I don't have concrete numbers. I've also heard about a feature film that could be coming my way in spring 2024 but I haven't got enough information to bet on this.

For sure, there is a lack of knowledge and interest client-side on color accuracy. I try my best to warn the client everytime, but I know that a lot of times I'm making final tweaks so the grade looks good on their specific setup. That situation can't be uncommon for all colorists.
It's a shame, but if they're paying me, they have the last word on edits.


I would definitely have complete remote control over your work computers and storage, nothing worse than having to go to the office to send out a minor tweak to a completed project that a client requests after hours.

The place I'm looking at is like 10min away from my home on bike and I'm a bit iffy about remote control for security reasons.
I imagined just having Resolve on my home computer and grabbing a SSD with a copy of the project if needed, or worst case, just make a run to the office.
But overall, I'm would want to avoid bringing work to home. I'm slowly getting to not grading on weekends or nights (unless there is a specific emergency and I overcharge). My clients so far are pretty understanding.


I would also recommend that you offer some sort After Effects or other graphics (Fusion) capabilities as these seem to be in higher demand than grading alone. Maybe your junior person could be proficient in AE / Fusion and help with conform and output, learning grading along the way. You seem to be very contemplative about this and you are young so if it doesn't work out you have time to recover. Again, best to you!

Regarding the motion design/VFX, absolutely! Several clients have told me they would be really interested in those services. I do a tiny bit of compositing, and intend to learn Nuke one day as I think compositing and grading are quite complementary. But as of today, I'd be reliant on freelancer friends for all this kind of work, which I'm happy with.

My future intern has basics but not much more in these areas. If he's interested in this, I'll have him learn, that'd be great to have this skill internally.


Thank you very much again for your concern and your advice!
 
Adrien,

Your work is nice. Keep it up ! Start step by step with the office and after having someone for an internship ? Internship is a great way of having someone for 3 months for a minimum cost and if it works out you keep this person. The LG monitor you have is great, no need spending money for the XMP550. Get a normal LG TV for clients. They always like big TVs. Remote jobs is more and more common nowadays. All modern phones macbooks are decent color wise and in any case all what we grade for ends up on the internet. It's important to have our reference monitors calibrated and that's it. Clients will always have their screens their way and it's fine, the important pars is that they like the overall grade. Most important part for you is to get as much connected as possible to the outside world and do beautiful stuff. If. you have a good portfolio you will start having clients from everywhere. French market is very tough as pretty much everything happens in Paris but I am sure you will make it work :)
Good luck,
Florian from Paris.

Hi Florian!

I've been following Keep Grading for a while and I've been a fan of your work, I feel like your team is amongst the very best in the country, so your feedback is really appreciated.

The junior colorist I'm thinking of would be starting as an intern (he was looking for a grading internship in Toulouse, which simply didn't exist, and when he heard about my project he contacted me). The idea would be to have him for 3-6 months, make him work on lower budget stuff, and train him at the same time, and if all works out, hire him full time at the end of the internship.

The incentive for a monitor like an XMP550 is to be able to grade HDR and P3, both for the occasionnal project meant for theaters, but also to build up experience with those standards and workflows, and to have perfect confidence in the tool.
Do you think it's not worth it now, and that I should only be focusing on web/TV SDR content and saving the expenses?

Anyway, I agree that having a big screen is a must, I've had directors and DPs of short films come to my home studio to finish the grade, and even a 32" inch screen is quite small when there are 2 persons looking at it over your shoulder.
An advantage to the XMP550 would be to have only one large screen to look at, no difference or risk of metameric failure between the reference monitor and the TV. But yeah, that's no small amount of money/risk.

As for networking and putting the work out there, it's a constant struggle, but it's going pretty good so far, I'm hoping things will keep on growing!
I've had the honor of meeting an excellent DP quite early on, with whom I work a lot.
That has been a really good way of both improving my skills and getting to know more people and work on better projects.
The area where I've been lacking so far is international clients. I have not yet been able to work with people outside of the country, nor have I tried enough. That is on my radar though.

Merci pour les retours !
 
Paris is a really big hotspot and overall the rest of the country lags behind. It's more because of a lack of resources than because of a lack of local talents. A lot of people I know started their career outside of the capital but moved to Paris to work although they really didn't want to. I have a lot of friends living and working in Paris who wished they could move out without compromising their careers.

For the US, insert LA or NYC.

I worked in Vancouver BC for a time and then returned to my roots in the southeast US (Charlotte) and have not regretted either decision. Working in a larger market on higher profile projects made marketing myself easier when I returned and I was much better at my craft than if I stayed in a small market, something to consider as well. This was before all of the training resources that are available on the web, and before anyone could dream of even grading SD on a Mac / PC.
 
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Hi everyone,

I've been quite busy these last weeks getting the business up and running and things are going well so far.
Here's an update :

I've overhauled my business plan to take into account all the feedback I've received, primarily from this thread.
  • I've massively reduced investments by adopting a more "invest as I go" approach, and settling for more affordable options for workstations and furniture in the beginning.

  • I've decided to postpone the investment of a true reference monitor. Which, with all the fresh announcements from CES seems like a good idea. I'll probably grab a new QD-OLED gen3 equipped gaming monitor for a cheap-ish reference monitor as those panels seems ridiculously good for the price, and move to a braznd new XMP310 as soon as I can afford it. I feel like it's a really good kind of monitor and price point for a studio like ours.
    I'm still looking to get the 55" version down the line. In the mean time, I have the option to continue to use my LG 32EP950 and rent an older 24inch Flanders IPS monitor, which will do for a few months

  • I went the route of borrowing money to my family instead of the bank. I'm lucky enough to be in a position where they're comfortable with it (the smaller initial investment helps a lot), and with interest rates being so high right now, it will save me quite a bit of money. But most importantly, I'll have the flexibility to pay it back pretty much when and how it's the easiest for me. That means that, if works stops coming, I can just stop paying back the loan for a while and pay extra to compensate when business is good

  • I've reconsidered the fixed costs, and tried to shave off everything I could. It's not much of a difference, but I managed to save a bit of money here and there.

  • All in all, it means the business can get its expenses down to as low as 5000€/month if it needs to, and I'll make sure to have about 5 times that available at all time to make sure we're resilient. If somehow this is still to high and the problem I'm facing is short to mid term, I have the option to adjust my own pay easily, or borrow money from the bank

  • I managed to get the office I was looking at and which is pretty much perfect for the company (large, very well situated, well equipped, affordable)

  • I have a junior VFX Artist friend who'll come work on his own projects in the studio. I'll buy an extra PC he can work on, which I was going to buy anyway. He'll be able to "pay rent" by working on projects everynow and then and deducting the amount he'd pay in rent to his invoice.
    We still have to get some sort of agreement in writing but it's a long time friend and I have absolute trust in him. The big advantage for me is having pretty much a VFX Artist on hand, so I can offer those services to client as if he was an employee but with the flexibility of working with a freelancer

  • The company is officially up and running from legal standpoint, and I have started to bill the first missions, and migrate services and subscriptions to the new company. I've also ordered the first workstation

  • I've worked on a small project with my future junior colorist. All went well, and he's starting his internship next week, he'll be working in the home studio for a few weeks until we're ready to move

  • I'm getting help from friends setting up the commercial identity of the business (logo, website, socials...). It's not the highest on the priority list so but it's coming along nicely so far.
I still have a lot of things to sort out before being 100% operational, mainly moving to the new place and setting up everything there, as well as getting the right to hire "intermittents"; which is a French specific status for workers from film, theater and music (different status to freelancer). I also have to get appointments with some of my clients to walk them through the new business and discuss opportunities in the future.
For now, I'm still at my previous rates, and I'll update them when or after we move.

Thanks again to all of you who chimed in, I feel much more comfortable with that version of the business than the plan I had originally and I'm really excited for the future. I'll make sure to keep you updated as we go, and hey, if you're interested, I'll post pictures of the studio when it's ready.


All the best for this new year!


Adrien - Étincelle Post-Production
 
CONGRATS, I wish you the best!

Cost control will be your friend for life, in this business, as in almost every business, you can't spend your way to success.

That said, one area NEVER to cut costs: A really comfortable and ergonomic chair and workstation. In my last client focused suite I had the hero monitor on a lift so I could raise it when clients were in the room and lower it when I was solo, REALLY made a difference in my comfort. This was for a professional Sony tube monitor so it had to be heavy duty, I designed it and had a welder fabricate it. I imagine today you could use some sort of off the shelf mount that wouldn't break the bank.
 
Adrien,

Great to hear the good news and support from your family. I do recommend writing out a detailed business agreement with your friend who will be working as the in house VFX artist. It is best to have all the details regarding exchange for rent payment vs services clearly spelled out in writing. You should also consult with your accountant regarding how the in kind services for rent will affect your tax return filings and business regulations in France.

Even the best of friends and intentions can lead to messy disagreements later if the terms and conditions of a business arrangement are not agreed to in writing.

Some online articles worth reading regarding France's business income tax, self employment and hiring employees.

France Business Taxation

Self employment and freelancers

Hiring Employees- article spells out the regulations regarding employees
 
After talking to a lot of post EPs at big houses.. I feel like just running entirely remotely is the way to go, unless you are doing blockbuster shows or movies that require security etc. For commercial work the clients rarely want to come in or the agencies wont pay to fly out the agency creatives anymore anyway. I know of a couple successful color groups that are all remote.. they may have a relationship with a rental suite for in person sessions with needed. Some of these color houses have started repping colorist in Brazil, Russia and Mexico etc as its way cheaper labor.

I get it though, if it's cheap enough rent anyway and you need a workspace why not go that direction?
 
I still wonder why people accept working remotely without a true calibrated external monitor. The colorist and the client can't see the same thing. With the high cost of a grading session, it seems crazy to me that people won't make any effort to move to the studio (or find a local one in their city).

60% of our commercial and short form work is remote, and our long-form work is hybrid. Our business would have failed post-covid if we had not built up our remote workflows services and best-practices. There's enough work and fast turnarounds to deal with that cushy supervised sessions are often viewed as a luxury now unless the filmmakers happen to be in town. We're in Burbank. Even then, plenty of people want to avoid traffic, lol.
 
Hi!

Sorry for the late reply, I have a lot of work with everything going on. Thank you for your messages!
CONGRATS, I wish you the best!

Cost control will be your friend for life, in this business, as in almost every business, you can't spend your way to success.

That said, one area NEVER to cut costs: A really comfortable and ergonomic chair and workstation. In my last client focused suite I had the hero monitor on a lift so I could raise it when clients were in the room and lower it when I was solo, REALLY made a difference in my comfort. This was for a professional Sony tube monitor so it had to be heavy duty, I designed it and had a welder fabricate it. I imagine today you could use some sort of off the shelf mount that wouldn't break the bank.

Thank you Clark!
For sure! A comfortable working space (chair and desk) is definitely something I don't want to cheap out on.


Adrien,

Great to hear the good news and support from your family. I do recommend writing out a detailed business agreement with your friend who will be working as the in house VFX artist. It is best to have all the details regarding exchange for rent payment vs services clearly spelled out in writing. You should also consult with your accountant regarding how the in kind services for rent will affect your tax return filings and business regulations in France.

Even the best of friends and intentions can lead to messy disagreements later if the terms and conditions of a business arrangement are not agreed to in writing.

Some online articles worth reading regarding France's business income tax, self employment and hiring employees.

France Business Taxation

Self employment and freelancers

Hiring Employees- article spells out the regulations regarding employees

Yes, we still have to work out the details but we will get everything in writing.
I did my homework on the relevant legal and fiscal framework (which in France is quite complicated) and I do work with an "expert accountant" to cover my bases. I don't know if this term is specific to France, but it's basically an accountant with a higher level of responsibility and liability, and who ususally also provides advising on legal and business related subjects.

After talking to a lot of post EPs at big houses.. I feel like just running entirely remotely is the way to go, unless you are doing blockbuster shows or movies that require security etc. For commercial work the clients rarely want to come in or the agencies wont pay to fly out the agency creatives anymore anyway. I know of a couple successful color groups that are all remote.. they may have a relationship with a rental suite for in person sessions with needed. Some of these color houses have started repping colorist in Brazil, Russia and Mexico etc as its way cheaper labor.

I get it though, if it's cheap enough rent anyway and you need a workspace why not go that direction?

Yes, it all comes down to affordable rent and the benefits of having a dedicated space that's separate from home, with other people able to come and work with me. I feel like even if no client ever came to in person, it would still be largely beneficial in our case to have this kind of office.


I'll keep you updated on the opening of the studio.

Cheers!
 
Cullen has been honest enough to say that he once tried to open an office in another city and did not do well because of kind of "putting the cart before the horse," assuming that if you build it, they will come
Off topic, I always quoted that phrase as well, I swear that's how I heard it but turns out to be another example of the Mandela Effect. In reality, it's "if you build it, he will come".
 
Hi,

I'm in the process of opening a small color grading (and post-production) company in Toulouse, France. I've been a freelance colorist for almost four years now.
At this point and in my situation and in my city, I only have two options if I want to continue growing and working on better projects: either moving to Paris and continue freelancing, or opening a studio here.

I think I have a pretty good shot at making the latter work, and have started getting things moving, to hopefully open shop in about 3-4 months.

I have been thinking about this for months and have already a good idea of what I want and how to go about it.
But, before fully committing to anything, I'm eager to hear what you think about the project and to be sure I'm avoiding obvious mistakes.


A bit of context:
  • The industry is undervelopped in my area, there are no post house and relatively few production companies. The production companies that do exist are mainly doing corporate videography and low to mid range advertising. There's also a bit of documentary, a little bit of music video, and barely anything theatrical

  • Things are starting to shift here. A big rental company is opening an agency. New small production companies are popping up and people from my generation aiming more and more for higher end jobs

  • As of right now, I work from a home studio on web and TV advertising, a bit of music video and the occasionnal short film.
    I've also done two (extremely) low budget features, which look much more expensive than they were, but still aren't remotely comparable to full budget feature films.
    Most if not all of my work is done remotely with production companies and DPs from Paris or other cities where the industry is more active

  • Thanks to relatively low rent prices and wages here, at least compared to other French cities, I can make this work with a reasonable investment and limited expenses: about 100k€ investment total, and we'd have to charge about 150-200 person/days worth of work per year in total to be sustainable. As a comparison, I have charged about 130 days worth of work in 2023 on my own.

Here's the plan :
  • Recruiting a junior colorist, fresh out of film school and training him (we'd be 2 people in the beginning), I have good relations with the other colorists in the area (at least those that I know, but we're really just a handful of people)

  • I have spotted a nice location (80sqm), where I could have a nice color grading suite, and a more basic one, as well as an open space to have basic editing/motion design workstations and offer more services. There would be special care put into having the place feel welcoming, cozy and well equipped.
    Suites could be rented to freelancers whenever they're not used. This wouldn't be a big revenue stream but nice to have

  • Setting up a comfy, high end suite that can tackle pretty much any kind of work. I was thinking of building around the new XMP550 as a reference monitor, which is cheaper than things like an HX310 and doubles as a client monitor, and has kinf of a wow factor, being this big of a reference monitor.
    We'd pair it with a really powerful workstation (TR Pro 7970X, 2x4090) to be able to tackle workflows with heavy processing (which I like) or double as a VFX workstation in a pinch.
    This would make the suite and the studio overall more attractive to clients, make remote clients consider sending DPs here, and would allow to grade pretty much anything in the same room : Web, TV, HDR, and even cinema
    Even if it's not ideal to grade on a monitor for theatrical work, investing in a DI Theater is too much money now (probably at least 50k€ of investment plus probably a bigger and more expensive studio), and I think something like the XMP550 should be enough for most of this type of work we'd be able to get in the beginning. Tell me if you think that is a mistake

  • Setting up a smaller, simpler suite, for the junior colorist to work on web content and a bit of TV. Something like a setup with an Eizo CG319X

  • Expanding from my current portfolio of remote clients, gradually raising prices to cover investments but offering to have the junior colorist work on lower budget projects. It would allow for a solid base of revenue and clients, mostly in advertising

  • Offering our services to all local production companies, expecting lower to mid end jobs, but incentivizing them to come to sessions, to cultivate better relations locally and get experience working with a client in the same room

  • Offering a bit of integrated post-production or individual VFX, editing or motion design services to keep revenue streams diverse (I have friends with those skills who could come work in the studio)

  • Progressively going after bigger clients and projects in other, more active cities. The studio would be competitive with parisian studios (who get almost all high end work), because rent and wages are much lower here, and would allow for competitive pricing, without being too far away geographically or having any culture or language barrier.
    We're a 4h train ride or a 1h30 flight away from Paris so having clients come for sessions is absolutely possible

  • Later, if all goes well, get a Dolby Vision certification and equipment, and add a DI Theater.
    Having this equipment would allow us to benefit from public subsidies for films and series shot and worked on in the region to incentivize film production companies to work with us
I hope this company could be part of a positive feedback loop and help the industry develop here.
What do you think? Does there seem to be a glaring risk? Have I made a mistake here? Are there important aspects of starting a color grading business that I'm missing entirely?

If anything is unclear, I'd be happy to provide more information.

Thank you very much!
You’ve identified a gap in the market, which is a strong starting point. The absence of local competition and the growing demand for higher-end work are good indicators that your studio could succeed.
 
Hi everyone,

I just received a notification and since it's been a year, an update is well due!

I'll probably make another post with pictures of the studio when I have a bit more time but long story short we're doing good!

We had a bit of setup time but it's so much better working in a studio than at home, more comfortable and more motivating.

Work ramped up slowly and the June to September time period was a bit scarce but we're now getting to a point where a good portion of the production companies in town know us and want to work with us, and we have met a few directors and DPs who were thrilled to come grading in a studio and it's been fascinating to have that back and forth in a session versus working mostly remotely.
Our junior colorist is slowly gaining more experiencing and having projects of his own and we're in the process of recruiting a VFX Artist friend permanently since we've also had more VFX work come in in the last months. We have 8 machines, with a mix of grading and VFX workstation and lighter configs for editing and a server, and have gotten an XMP310 a few months ago.
The next thing is to add a second suite and recruit an editor/post-production supervisor.

It really feels like it was the right time to do this, as the industry is definitely growing in this city right now and there are more and more productions looking to do things right.
Managing the financial health with the company while some clients pay late is challenging but I'm proud of where we're at and despite the overall future of the industry being a bit uncertain, I'm pretty optimistic.

Thanks again to all of you for your advice, I'm very grateful!
 
Hi everyone,

I just received a notification and since it's been a year, an update is well due!

I'll probably make another post with pictures of the studio when I have a bit more time but long story short we're doing good!

We had a bit of setup time but it's so much better working in a studio than at home, more comfortable and more motivating.

Work ramped up slowly and the June to September time period was a bit scarce but we're now getting to a point where a good portion of the production companies in town know us and want to work with us, and we have met a few directors and DPs who were thrilled to come grading in a studio and it's been fascinating to have that back and forth in a session versus working mostly remotely.
Our junior colorist is slowly gaining more experiencing and having projects of his own and we're in the process of recruiting a VFX Artist friend permanently since we've also had more VFX work come in in the last months. We have 8 machines, with a mix of grading and VFX workstation and lighter configs for editing and a server, and have gotten an XMP310 a few months ago.
The next thing is to add a second suite and recruit an editor/post-production supervisor.

It really feels like it was the right time to do this, as the industry is definitely growing in this city right now and there are more and more productions looking to do things right.
Managing the financial health with the company while some clients pay late is challenging but I'm proud of where we're at and despite the overall future of the industry being a bit uncertain, I'm pretty optimistic.
Speaking of planning, for anyone navigating similar challenges or starting a new venture, understanding the project discovery phase can make a world of difference. It helps set the foundation for success by identifying needs, goals, and potential risks early on. Here’s a detailed guide: https://ddi-dev.com/blog/programmin...hat-is-it-and-why-its-vital-for-your-project/ - thanks again to all of you for your advice, I'm very grateful!
Wow, good to hear that! :cool: Your team setup sounds impressive, especially with the addition of the XMP310 and the mix of workstations. Bringing on a VFX artist full-time and planning for a second suite is a clear sign of momentum.
 
Love seeing this kind of follow-up, super inspiring to hear how you’ve grown from a home setup to a full-fledged studio with real traction. Sounds like you timed it right and executed smart.

As things scale, especially with collaborators and late-paying clients in the mix, it might be worth brushing up on business agreements and legal risk. Nothing flashy, just good to have a game plan for the "what-ifs".
 
I’ve seen a couple of similar studios start outside major hubs, and the biggest risk isn’t gear, it’s cash flow. The first year usually feels slower than expected, even if you already have clients, so keep more runway than you think and don’t rush hiring until the work is steady. I’d also be careful not to overspend on “wow factor” early on—clients care more about reliability, speed, and trust than specs.
 
Diversifying services is smart, but make sure color stays the core so you don’t dilute your brand. When setting up, it helped me a lot to get discount codes on hardware, calibration tools, and software. Small savings there can add up fast when you’re building a studio from scratch.
 
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